Nutritional risk and functionality of children and adolescents hospitalized with COVID-19.

To evaluate the association between nutritional risk and functionality of children and adolescents hospitalized with COVID-19 at admission and discharge. METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional study with patients under 19 years old, positive for SARS-COV-2 by RT-PCR test, from February 2020 to May 2022. The STRONGKids screening (Screening Tool Risk On Nutritional Status and Growth) was used to assess nutritional risk on hospital admission and the Functional Status Scale (FSS-Brazil) to determine the functionality of patients on admission and discharge. Data was collected from hospital medical records. Poisson regressions with crude robust variance were used to test the association between nutritional risk and functional status at admission, with adjustments for the age, length of stay, and presence of complex chronic conditions. RESULTS: Of the 217 patients, 55.7% (n = 121) were boys with a median age of 6 years (IQ 0-12), 58.5% (n = 127) had at least one complex chronic condition, 64% (n = 139) had medium/high nutritional risk, and 23.9% (n = 52) had some degree of dysfunctionality upon admission and 14.6% (n = 31) upon discharge. By associating STRONGKids and the FSS-Brasil of hospital admission, it was observed that children with low nutritional risk had a mean global FSS lower (6.4 ± 0.7) than children with medium/high nutritional risk (7. 7 ± 2.8; p < 0.001). Children with low nutritional risk on admission also had a lower mean (6.1 ± 0.59) on the FSS at hospital discharge than children with medium/high nutritional risk (7.1 ± 2.5; p < 0.001). After adjustments, it was identified that the addition of one STRONGKids point increases by 36% (PR 1.36; 95%CI 1.15-1.62) the probability of the patient presenting some degree of functional impairment on admission.    Conclusion: The study found a positive association between nutritional risk and functional impairment in hospitalized children and adolescents with COVID-19 on admission, even after adjusting for age, length of stay, and complex chronic conditions. Furthermore, patients with medium/high nutritional risk at admission also had worse functionality, both on admission and at discharge. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Children and adolescents infected with COVID-19 tend to exhibit milder symptoms and lower hospitalization rates compared to adults, although severe cases and complications can occur. • A paucity of targeted investigations exists regarding the correlation between nutritional risk and functionality in children and adolescents with COVID-19. WHAT IS NEW: • Children and adolescents with COVID-19 who presented with medium to high nutritional risk upon hospital admission demonstrated functional impairments, both at admission and hospital discharge.

Cardiorespiratory fitness in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among individuals with and without type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods: The current review was registered in PROSPERO under the number CRD42018082718. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception through February 2022. Eligibility criteria consisted of observational or interventional studies that evaluated CRF through cardiopulmonary exercise testing or six-minute walk test in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared with individuals without type 2 diabetes. For data extraction, we used baseline CRF assessments of randomized clinical trials or follow-up CRF assessments in observational studies. We performed a meta-analysis using maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), and distance walked in the 6MWT as primary outcomes. They were extracted and expressed as mean differences (MDs) and 95% CIs between treatment and comparator groups. The meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager (RevMan) software. Results: Out of 8,347 studies retrieved, 77 were included. Compared with individuals without type 2 diabetes, individuals with diabetes achieved a lower VO2 max (-5.84 mL.kg-1.min-1, 95% CI -6.93, -4.76 mL.kg-1.min-1, p = <0.0001; I2 = 91%, p for heterogeneity < 0.0001), and a smaller distance walked in 6MWT (-93.30 meters, 95% CI -141.2, -45.4 meters, p > 0.0001; I2: 94%, p for heterogeneity < 0.0001). Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes was associated with lower cardiorespiratory fitness, as observed by lower VO2 max on maximal tests, and smaller distance walked in 6MWT, however the quality of studies was low.

Reliability of ultrasound in the assessment of muscle thickness in critically ill children.

INTRODUCTION: Ultrasound has been used to quantify and qualify muscle morphology in critically ill children and can detect changes in muscle thickness. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of ultrasound measurement of muscle thickness in critically ill children and to compare the assessments made by an expert with those made by inexperienced sonographers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study conducted in the paediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care university hospital in Brazil. The sample included patients aged 1 month to 12 years who received invasive mechanical ventilation for at least 24 h. Ultrasound images of the biceps brachii/brachialis and quadriceps femoris were obtained by one experienced sonographer and several inexperienced sonographers. We assessed intrarater and inter-rater reliability by means of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plot analysis. RESULTS: Muscle thickness was measured in 10 children with a mean age of 15.5 months. The mean thickness of the assessed muscles as 1.14 cm for the biceps brachii/brachialis (standard deviation [SD], 0.27) and 1.85 cm for the quadriceps femoris (SD, 0.61). The intrarater and inter-rater reliability were good for all sonographers (ICC > 0.81). The differences were small, there was no significant bias in the Bland-Altman plots and all measurements were within the limits of agreement, except for 1 measurement of biceps and quadriceps. CONCLUSION: Sonography can be used in critically ill children to accurately assess changes in muscle thickness, even by different evaluators. More studies are needed to establish a standardised approach to the use of ultrasound for monitoring muscle loss in order to incorporate it in clinical practice.

Cardiorespiratory fitness in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among individuals with and without type 2 diabetes Materials and methods: The current review was registered in PROSPERO under the number CRD42018082718. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception through February 2022. Eligibility criteria consisted of observational or interventional studies that evaluated CRF through cardiopulmonary exercise testing or six-minute walk test in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared with individuals without type 2 diabetes. For data extraction, we used baseline CRF assessments of randomized clinical trials or follow-up CRF assessments in observational studies. We performed a meta-analysis using maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and distance walked in the 6MWT as primary outcomes. They were extracted and expressed as mean differences (MDs) and 95% CIs between treatment and comparator groups. The meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager (RevMan) software. Results: Out of 8,347 studies retrieved, 77 were included. Compared with individuals without type 2 diabetes, individuals with diabetes achieved a lower VO2max (−5.84 mL.kg−1.min−1, 95% CI −6.93, −4.76 mL.kg−1.min−1, p = <0.0001; I2 = 91%, p for heterogeneity < 0.0001), and a smaller distance walked in 6MWT (−93.30 meters, 95% CI −141.2, −45.4 meters, p > 0.0001; I2: 94%, p for heterogeneity < 0.0001). Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes was associated with lower cardiorespiratory fitness, as observed by lower VO2max on maximal tests, and smaller distance walked in 6MWT, however the quality of studies was low.

Prevalence and correlates of meeting physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration guidelines among Brazilian adolescents: findings from ERICA.

The prevalence of meeting movement guidelines is low in developed countries; however, there is a lack of data among medium-income countries, including Brazil. We evaluated the prevalence and correlates of meeting physical activity, screen time, and sleep guidelines in Brazilian adolescents. Employing a cross-sectional design, Brazilian adolescents (aged 12-17 years) were surveyed about their physical activity levels, sleep, and screen time. Data were collected at schools through a self-administered questionnaire using a personal digital assistant for entering the data. Poisson regression models were used to examine the associations between correlates (sex, age, socioeconomic status, region, skin colour, and shift of school) and meeting movement guidelines. A total of 58 535 adolescents were included. Although only 8.7% of the adolescents met all three movement guidelines, the prevalence of those who met physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration guidelines was 46.4%, 42.5%, and 40%, respectively. Moreover, male sex, age 14-15 years, black or brown skin colour, afternoon shift of school, and living in the Northern and Northeastern regions were associated with a higher prevalence of meeting all movement guidelines. The prevalence of adolescents who met all three movement guidelines was low among Brazilian adolescents. Adolescents living in less developed regions showed greater adherence to movement guidelines, suggesting a possible impact of the urbanization process on these behaviours. Novelty: The prevalence of Brazilian adolescents who met all three movement behaviour guidelines was around 9%. Among all adolescents, 40% met only one movement guideline.

Effects of hammock positioning on clinical parameters in preterm infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit: a systematic review / Efeitos da rede de posicionamento nos parâmetros clínicos de prematuros admitidos em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To review the effects of the hammock positioning on clinical parameters of preterm newborn infants (PTNB) admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Data sources: This was a systematic review performed by searching the Pubmed, Lilacs, SciELO and PEDro databases. Intervention studies in English, Portuguese and Spanish that evaluated the effects of hammock positioning on clinical parameters of PTNB admitted to the NICU were selected. Three search strategies were used: 1) hammock positioning OR patient positioning AND intensive care units AND infant, newborn; 2) hammock positioning OR patient positioning AND intensive care units; 3) hammock positioning OR patient positioning AND intensive care units, neonatal. There was no restriction on the year of publication of the articles. Methodological quality was assessed by the PEDro scale. Data synthesis: Among 597 articles, only six were included and 139 neonates with gestational ages between 26 and 37 weeks and an average gestational weight <2240g were analyzed. Four studies included patients without any associated pathology and most of them placed the PTNB supine in hammock positioning. The duration of the intervention ranged from 15 to 180 minutes and most applied it at just one moment. There was an improvement in heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and pain (3/4 studies), as well as gains in peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) (2/4 studies). Only one study reported worsening of SpO2 with the intervention. The methodological quality of the studies was classified as low. Conclusions: Although this review suggests improvement with hammock positioning in HR, RR and pain in PTNB, the low methodological quality makes the results inconsistent.

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar os efeitos da rede de posicionamento nos parâmetros clínicos de recém-nascidos pré-termo (RNPT) admitidos em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN). Fontes de dados: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática realizada na PubMed, na Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), na Biblioteca Eletrônica Científica Online (SciELO) e na Base de Dados em Evidências em Fisioterapia (PEDro). Selecionaram-se estudos de intervenção, nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol, que avaliaram os efeitos da rede de posicionamento sobre parâmetros clínicos de RNPT admitidos em UTIN. Foram utilizadas três estratégias de busca: hammock positioning OR patient positioning AND intensive care units AND infant, newborn; hammock positioning OR patient positioning AND intensive care units; e hammock positioning OR patient positioning AND intensive care units, neonatal. Não houve restrição quanto ao ano de publicação dos artigos. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada pela escala PEDro. Síntese dos dados: De um total de 597 artigos, apenas seis foram incluídos. As amostras totalizaram 139 neonatos, com idade gestacional entre 26 e 37 semanas e média de peso gestacional <2.240 g. Quatro estudos incluíram pacientes sem nenhuma patologia associada, e a maior parte deles dispôs os RNPT em supino na rede de posicionamento. A duração da intervenção variou de 15 até 180 minutos, e a maioria aplicou essa intervenção em apenas um momento. Foi observada melhora na frequência cardíaca (FC), na frequência respiratória (FR) e na dor (3/4 estudos), além de ganhos na saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2) (2/4 estudos). Apenas um artigo relatou piora da SpO2 com a intervenção. A qualidade metodológica foi classificada como baixa. Conclusões: Embora a rede de posicionamento pareça causar melhora na FC, na FR e na dor em RNPT, a baixa qualidade metodológica torna inconsistentes os resultados.

Hospital physical therapy management in pediatric patients with covid-19: case reports / Manejo da fisioterapia no âmbito hospitalar no paciente pediátrico com covid-19: relato de casos

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the physiotherapeutic management of two pediatric cases with COVID-19 admitted in a reference state hospital to treat the disease in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. Cases description: Case 1, female, 10-month-old child, pre-existing chronic disease, hospitalized since birth, mechanical ventilation dependency via tracheotomy, progressed with hypoxemia, requiring oxygen therapy, and increased ventilator parameters, and a diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed. Airway clearance and pulmonary expansion maintenance therapies were performed. During hospitalization, the child acquired cephalic control, sitting without support, rolling, holding, and reaching objects. Recommendations were provided to a family member to maintain motor development milestones. Case 2, male, nine years old, previous psychiatric disease and obesity, showed worsening of the sensory state, requiring intensive care and invasive mechanical ventilation, with the diagnosis of SARS-Cov-2 infection. The physical therapy was performed to maintain airway clearance, pulmonary expansion, and early mobilization, showing ventilatory improvement during the intensive care hospitalization and successfully extubated after 17 days. The physical therapy evolved from passive to resistive exercises during the hospitalization, and the patient was able to walk without assistance at discharge, with the same previous functional status. Comments: The COVID-19 showed different manifestations in both cases. Physical therapy treatment was essential to maintain and to recover the functional status of the patients. Future studies are needed to improve the understanding of disease course and its functional consequences to offer an efficient treatment to pediatric patients with COVID-19.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar as condutas fisioterapêuticas dos dois casos de pacientes pediátricos com COVID-19 internados em hospital de referência estadual em Porto Alegre para tratamento da doença. Descrição dos casos: Caso 1, sexo feminino, 10 meses de idade com doença crônica preexistente, internada desde o nascimento, utilizava ventilação mecânica via traqueostomia, evoluiu com hipoxemia, necessidade de oxigenoterapia e aumento dos parâmetros ventilatórios, sendo confirmada COVID-19. Foram realizadas técnicas de desobstrução brônquica e manutenção da expansão pulmonar. Além disso, a criança durante a internação adquiriu controle cefálico, sedestação sem apoio, rolar e alcance de objetos e durante infecção por coronavírus foram passadas orientações ao familiar para manutenção dos marcos motores adquiridos. Caso 2, sexo masculino, 9 anos, com doença psiquiátrica prévia e obesidade, evoluiu com quadro de rebaixamento do sensório e necessidade de tratamento intensivo, sendo o paciente colocado em ventilação mecânica invasiva na chegada à unidade e confirmada a infecção por SARS-CoV-2. Realizou fisioterapia para desobstrução brônquica, reexpansão pulmonar e mobilização precoce, apresentando melhora ventilatória ao longo da internação, e após 17 dias foi extubado com sucesso. Evoluiu de cinesioterapia passiva para assistida e resistida na internação pediátrica, conseguindo deambular sem auxílio, e teve alta hospitalar com condição funcional prévia à internação hospitalar. Comentários: A COVID-19 apresentou-se de forma distinta nos casos, todavia a fisioterapia foi essencial para a manutenção e recuperação do quadro funcional dos pacientes. Estudos futuros são necessários para melhor compreensão do curso da doença e suas repercussões funcionais, a fim de traçar um tratamento eficiente para os pacientes pediátricos acometidos pela COVID-19.

EFFECTS OF HAMMOCK POSITIONING ON CLINICAL PARAMETERS IN PRETERM INFANTS ADMITTED TO A NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

OBJECTIVE: To review the effects of the hammock positioning on clinical parameters of preterm newborn infants (PTNB) admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). DATA SOURCES: This was a systematic review performed by searching the Pubmed, Lilacs, SciELO and PEDro databases. Intervention studies in English, Portuguese and Spanish that evaluated the effects of hammock positioning on clinical parameters of PTNB admitted to the NICU were selected. Three search strategies were used: 1) hammock positioning OR patient positioning AND intensive care units AND infant, newborn; 2) hammock positioning OR patient positioning AND intensive care units; 3) hammock positioning OR patient positioning AND intensive care units, neonatal. There was no restriction on the year of publication of the articles. Methodological quality was assessed by the PEDro scale. DATA SYNTHESIS: Among 597 articles, only six were included and 139 neonates with gestational ages between 26 and 37 weeks and an average gestational weight <2240g were analyzed. Four studies included patients without any associated pathology and most of them placed the PTNB supine in hammock positioning. The duration of the intervention ranged from 15 to 180 minutes and most applied it at just one moment. There was an improvement in heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and pain (3/4 studies), as well as gains in peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) (2/4 studies). Only one study reported worsening of SpO2 with the intervention. The methodological quality of the studies was classified as low. CONCLUSIONS: Although this review suggests improvement with hammock positioning in HR, RR and pain in PTNB, the low methodological quality makes the results inconsistent.

HOSPITAL PHYSICAL THERAPY MANAGEMENT IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH COVID-19: CASE REPORTS.

OBJECTIVE: To report the physiotherapeutic management of two pediatric cases with COVID-19 admitted in a reference state hospital to treat the disease in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. CASES DESCRIPTION: Case 1, female, 10-month-old child, pre-existing chronic disease, hospitalized since birth, mechanical ventilation dependency via tracheotomy, progressed with hypoxemia, requiring oxygen therapy, and increased ventilator parameters, and a diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed. Airway clearance and pulmonary expansion maintenance therapies were performed. During hospitalization, the child acquired cephalic control, sitting without support, rolling, holding, and reaching objects. Recommendations were provided to a family member to maintain motor development milestones. Case 2, male, nine years old, previous psychiatric disease and obesity, showed worsening of the sensory state, requiring intensive care and invasive mechanical ventilation, with the diagnosis of SARS-Cov-2 infection. The physical therapy was performed to maintain airway clearance, pulmonary expansion, and early mobilization, showing ventilatory improvement during the intensive care hospitalization and successfully extubated after 17 days. The physical therapy evolved from passive to resistive exercises during the hospitalization, and the patient was able to walk without assistance at discharge, with the same previous functional status. COMMENTS: The COVID-19 showed different manifestations in both cases. Physical therapy treatment was essential to maintain and to recover the functional status of the patients. Future studies are needed to improve the understanding of disease course and its functional consequences to offer an efficient treatment to pediatric patients with COVID-19.

Functional deficit in children with congenital heart disease undergoing surgical correction after intensive care unit discharge. / Déficit funcional em crianças com cardiopatias congênitas submetidas à correção cirúrgica após alta da unidade de terapia intensiva.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the functional status of pediatric patients undergoing congenital heart surgery after discharge from the intensive care unit, and to evaluate the correlations among clinical variables, functional status and surgical risk. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including patients aged 1 month to less than 18 years undergoing congenital heart surgery between October 2017 and May 2018. Functional outcome was assessed by the Functional Status Scale, surgical risk classification was determined using the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery-1 (RACHS-1), and clinical variables were collected from electronic medical records. RESULTS: The sample comprised 57 patients with a median age of 7 months (2 - 17); 54.4% were male, and 75.5% showed dysfunction, which was moderate in 45.6% of the cases. RACHS-1 category > 3 was observed in 47% of the sample, indicating higher surgical risk. There was a correlation between functional deficit and younger age, longer duration of invasive mechanical ventilation and longer intensive care unit stay. Moreover, greater functional deficit was observed among patients classified as RACHS-1 category > 3. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of functional deficit was high among children and adolescents with congenital heart disease after cardiac surgery. Higher surgical risk, longer duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, longer intensive care unit stay and younger age were correlated with worse functional status.

Unhealthy snack intake modifies the association between screen-based sedentary time and metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Excessive screen time has been associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) among adolescents; however, snack intake in front of screens may play a role in this association. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the association between screen-based sedentary time with MetS and whether this association is modified by unhealthy snack intake in front of screens. METHODS: This study was a nationwide, cross-sectional, school-based survey in Brazil including adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. The frequency of snack consumption in front of screen and screen-based sedentary time (TV view, computers and videogames use) were self-reported. Thereafter, screen time was categorized (≤2, 3-5 and ≥ 6 h/day); snack consumption in front of screens was dichotomized. Metabolic syndrome diagnosis was defined based on the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Associations between screen time and MetS were investigated using logistic regression in overall sample and after stratification by snack intake in front of screens. RESULTS: A total of 33,900 adolescents were included in the analysis. The final adjusted model, which included sociodemographic data, physical activity, and energy intake, showed that adolescents who spent ≥6 h/day in front of screens had an increased odds ratio for MetS (OR = 1.68, 95%CI: 1.03-2.74). However, after stratifying the sample according to reported snack intake, the association between higher screen-based sedentary time and MetS remained significant only for adolescents who reported consumption of snacks in front of screens. CONCLUSION: Longer screen-based sedentary times were directly associated with MetS. However, this association seems to be modified by reported snack intake in front of screens.

Overview of meta-analysis on prevention and treatment of childhood obesity / Visão geral das meta-análises sobre prevenção e tratamento da obesidade infantil

Abstract Objectives: This study aimed to assess the quality of systematic reviews on prevention and non-pharmacological treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Data source: A search was done in electronic databases (Medline via PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, LILACS, the Cochrane Library, and Clinical Trials), including only systematic reviews with meta-analysis. Reviews were selected by two researchers, and a third one solved the divergences. PRISMA statement and checklist were followed. Summary of data: A total of 4574 records were retrieved, including 24 after selection. Six reviews were on obesity prevention, 17 on obesity treatment, and one on mixed interventions for prevention and treatment of obesity. The interventions were very heterogeneous and showed little or no effects on weight or body mass index. Mixed interventions that included dieting, exercise, actions to reduce sedentary behavior, and programs involving the school or families showed some short-term positive effects. Reviews that analyzed cardiovascular risk factors demonstrated significant improvements in the short-term. Conclusion: The systematic reviews of interventions to prevent or reduce obesity in children and adolescents generally showed little or no effects on weight or body mass index, although cardiovascular profile can be improved. Mixed interventions demonstrated better effects, but the long-term impact of obesity treatments of children and adolescents remains unclear.

Resumo Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade das revisões sistemáticas sobre prevenção e tratamento não farmacológico do sobrepeso e da obesidade em crianças e adolescentes. Fontes de dados: Foi realizada uma busca em bases de dados eletrônicas (Medline via Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, LILACS, The Cochrane Library e Ensaios Clínicos), incluindo apenas revisões sistemáticas com meta-análise. As revisões foram selecionadas por dois pesquisadores e um terceiro resolveu as divergências. A lista de recomendações do PRISMA foi seguida. Síntese dos dados: Foram identificados 4.574 publicações, e 24 foram incluídas após seleção. Seis publicações eram sobre prevenção da obesidade, 17 sobre tratamento da obesidade e 1 sobre intervenções mistas para prevenção e tratamento da obesidade. As intervenções eram muito heterogêneas e mostraram pouco ou nenhum efeito sobre o peso ou índice de massa corporal. Intervenções mistas que incluíam dieta, exercícios, ações para reduzir o comportamento sedentário e programas que envolviam a escola ou as famílias mostraram alguns efeitos positivos de curto prazo. Revisões que analisaram fatores de risco cardiovascular demonstraram melhoras significativas em curto prazo. Conclusão: As revisões sistemáticas de intervenções para prevenir ou reduzir a obesidade em crianças e adolescentes geralmente mostraram pouco ou nenhum efeito sobre o peso ou índice de massa corporal, embora o perfil cardiovascular possa ter melhorado. Intervenções mistas demonstraram melhores efeitos, mas o impacto em longo prazo dos tratamentos da obesidade de crianças e adolescentes ainda não está claro.

Functional Status Scale: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the present study was to perform a cross-cultural adaptation and clinical validation of the Functional Status Scale for use in the Brazilian population. DESIGN: Cross-cultural adaptation study followed by a cross-sectional validation study. SETTING: Single-center PICU at a hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil. PATIENTS: Children and adolescents of both sexes, 1 month and under 18 years old, who had been treated at the PICU. INTERVENTIONS: The cross-cultural adaptation consisted of the following stages: translation, synthesis of the translated versions, back translations, synthesis of the back translations, committee review, and pretesting. For the clinical validation stage, the Brazilian Functional Status Scale was applied within 48 hours after discharge from the PICU. The Brazilian Functional Status Scale's reliability and validity properties were tested. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 314 patients were evaluated. Median age was 24 months (7.0-105.0 mo), 54.1% were males, and their overall functional score was 9 ± 2.8. The Brazilian Functional Status Scale demonstrated excellent interobserver reliability, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.98, and κ coefficients between 0.716 and 1.000 for the functional domains, which indicated good to excellent agreement. Using the Bland-Altman method, we confirmed low variability among the evaluator's responses (0.93 to -1.06 points). Regarding the Brazilian Functional Status Scale's content validity, there was a correlation between length of PICU stay (r = 0.378; p < 0.001) and time on invasive mechanical ventilation (r = 0.261; p < 0.05), and the test could discriminate between groups with different comorbidity levels (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The Functional Status Scale has been culturally adapted and validated for use in Brazil and is now available for use in the assessment of functionality in Brazilian children and adolescents.

Early mobilization protocols for critically ill pediatric patients: systematic review. / Protocolos de mobilização precoce no paciente crítico pediátrico: revisão sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the existing early mobilization protocols in pediatric intensive care units. METHODS: A systematic literature review was performed using the databases MEDLINE®, Embase, SciELO, LILACS and PeDRO, without restrictions of date and language. Observational and randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials that described an early mobilization program in patients aged between 29 days and 18 years admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit were included. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies and the Cochrane Collaboration. RESULTS: A total of 8,663 studies were identified, of which 6 were included in this review. Three studies described the implementation of an early mobilization program, including activities such as progressive passive mobilization, positioning, and discussion of mobilization goals with the team, in addition to contraindications and interruption criteria. Cycle ergometer and virtual reality games were also used as resources for mobilization. Four studies considered the importance of the participation of the multidisciplinary team in the implementation of early mobilization protocols. CONCLUSION: In general, early mobilization protocols are based on individualized interventions, depending on the child's development. In addition, the use of a cycle ergometer may be feasible and safe in this population. The implementation of institutional and multidisciplinary protocols may contribute to the use of early mobilization in pediatric intensive care units; however, studies demonstrating the efficacy of such intervention are needed.

OBJETIVO: Descrever os protocolos existentes de mobilização precoce nas unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura cuja busca foi realizada nas bases MEDLINE®, Embase, SciELO, LILACS e PeDRO, sem restrição para data e idioma. Foram incluídos estudos observacionais e ensaios clínicos randomizados e não randomizados, que descrevessem um programa de mobilização precoce em pacientes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica, com idades entre 29 dias a 18 anos. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi avaliada por meio das ferramentas Newcastle-Ottawa, Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies e da colaboração Cochrane. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 8.663 estudos, sendo 6 incluídos nesta revisão. Três estudos descreveram a implementação de programa de mobilização precoce, incluindo atividades como mobilização passiva progressiva, posicionamento, discussão das metas de mobilização com a equipe, além de contraindicações e critérios de interrupção. Cicloergômetro e jogos de realidade virtual também foram usados como recursos para mobilização. Quatro estudos consideram a importância da participação da equipe multiprofissional na implementação dos protocolos de mobilização precoce. CONCLUSÃO: De modo geral, os protocolos de mobilização precoce são baseados em intervenções individualizadas, conforme o desenvolvimento da criança. Além disso, o uso do cicloergômetro pode ser viável e seguro nesta população. A implementação de protocolos institucionais e multiprofissional pode contribuir para a prática da mobilização precoce nas unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica, no entanto são necessários estudos que comprovem a eficácia da intervenção.

Protocolos de mobilização precoce no paciente crítico pediátrico: revisão sistemática / Early mobilization protocols for critically ill pediatric patients: systematic review

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os protocolos existentes de mobilização precoce nas unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura cuja busca foi realizada nas bases MEDLINE®, Embase, SciELO, LILACS e PeDRO, sem restrição para data e idioma. Foram incluídos estudos observacionais e ensaios clínicos randomizados e não randomizados, que descrevessem um programa de mobilização precoce em pacientes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica, com idades entre 29 dias a 18 anos. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi avaliada por meio das ferramentas Newcastle-Ottawa, Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies e da colaboração Cochrane. Resultados: Foram identificados 8.663 estudos, sendo 6 incluídos nesta revisão. Três estudos descreveram a implementação de programa de mobilização precoce, incluindo atividades como mobilização passiva progressiva, posicionamento, discussão das metas de mobilização com a equipe, além de contraindicações e critérios de interrupção. Cicloergômetro e jogos de realidade virtual também foram usados como recursos para mobilização. Quatro estudos consideram a importância da participação da equipe multiprofissional na implementação dos protocolos de mobilização precoce. Conclusão: De modo geral, os protocolos de mobilização precoce são baseados em intervenções individualizadas, conforme o desenvolvimento da criança. Além disso, o uso do cicloergômetro pode ser viável e seguro nesta população. A implementação de protocolos institucionais e multiprofissional pode contribuir para a prática da mobilização precoce nas unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica, no entanto são necessários estudos que comprovem a eficácia da intervenção.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the existing early mobilization protocols in pediatric intensive care units. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed using the databases MEDLINE®, Embase, SciELO, LILACS and PeDRO, without restrictions of date and language. Observational and randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials that described an early mobilization program in patients aged between 29 days and 18 years admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit were included. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies and the Cochrane Collaboration. Results: A total of 8,663 studies were identified, of which 6 were included in this review. Three studies described the implementation of an early mobilization program, including activities such as progressive passive mobilization, positioning, and discussion of mobilization goals with the team, in addition to contraindications and interruption criteria. Cycle ergometer and virtual reality games were also used as resources for mobilization. Four studies considered the importance of the participation of the multidisciplinary team in the implementation of early mobilization protocols. Conclusion: In general, early mobilization protocols are based on individualized interventions, depending on the child's development. In addition, the use of a cycle ergometer may be feasible and safe in this population. The implementation of institutional and multidisciplinary protocols may contribute to the use of early mobilization in pediatric intensive care units; however, studies demonstrating the efficacy of such intervention are needed.

FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the physical activity level and functional capacity of children and adolescents with congenital heart disease and to describe correlations between functionality, surgical and echocardiographic findings, metabolic and inflammatory profile and differences between acyanotic and cyanotic heart defects. METHODS: A cross-sectional study including children and adolescents with congenital heart disease between six and 18 years old that were evaluated with the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) to assess functional capacity. The short version form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was performed to evaluate physical activity levels. Also, echocardiography and blood collection, to evaluate the metabolic (blood glucose, lipids, insulin) and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein), were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-five individuals were evaluated. Of them, 14 had acyanotic heart defects and 11 cyanotic heart defects. Mean age was 12.0±3.7 years, and 20 (80%) were male. IPAQ showed that six (24%) individuals were very active, eight (32%) were active, nine (36%) had irregular physical activity, and two (8%) were sedentary. The mean distance walked in the 6MWT, considering all studied individuals, was 464.7±100.4 m, which was 181.4±42.0 m less than the predicted (p=0.005). There was a positive correlation between Z score 6MWT and the number of surgical procedures (r=-0.455; p=0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents with congenital heart disease have low functional capacity, but they are not completely sedentary.

Functional capacity in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease / Capacidade funcional em crianças e adolescentes com cardiopatia congênita

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the physical activity level and functional capacity of children and adolescents with congenital heart disease and to describe correlations between functionality, surgical and echocardiographic findings, metabolic and inflammatory profile and differences between acyanotic and cyanotic heart defects. Methods: A cross-sectional study including children and adolescents with congenital heart disease between six and 18 years old that were evaluated with the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) to assess functional capacity. The short version form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was performed to evaluate physical activity levels. Also, echocardiography and blood collection, to evaluate the metabolic (blood glucose, lipids, insulin) and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein), were assessed. Results: Twenty-five individuals were evaluated. Of them, 14 had acyanotic heart defects and 11 cyanotic heart defects. Mean age was 12.0±3.7 years, and 20 (80%) were male. IPAQ showed that six (24%) individuals were very active, eight (32%) were active, nine (36%) had irregular physical activity, and two (8%) were sedentary. The mean distance walked in the 6MWT, considering all studied individuals, was 464.7±100.4 m, which was 181.4±42.0 m less than the predicted (p=0.005). There was a positive correlation between Z score 6MWT and the number of surgical procedures (r=-0.455; p=0.022). Conclusions: Children and adolescents with congenital heart disease have low functional capacity, but they are not completely sedentary.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de atividade física e a capacidade funcional de crianças e adolescentes com cardiopatia congênita, além de descrever correlações entre funcionalidade, achados cirúrgicos e ecocardiográficos, perfil metabólico e inflamatório e diferenças entre cardiopatias congênitas acianótica e cianótica. Métodos: Estudo transversal com crianças e adolescentes com cardiopatia congênita entre seis e 18 anos de idade. Foi realizado o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos para avaliar a capacidade funcional, e aplicou-se a versão curta do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) para avaliar os níveis de atividade física. Foram feitos também: exame ecocardiográfico, coleta de sangue para avaliação de perfil metabólico e inflamatório (glicemia, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta densidade - HDL-colesterol, lipoproteína de baixa densidade - LDL-colesterol, hemograma completo, proteína C reativa, insulina). Resultados: Foram avaliados 25 indivíduos, dos quais 14 tinham cardiopatia congênita acianótica e 11 cianótica. A média de idade foi de 12,0±3,7 anos, e 20 (80%) eram do sexo masculino. O IPAQ mostrou que seis (24%) indivíduos eram muito ativos, oito (32%) eram ativos, nove (36%) tinham atividade física irregular e dois (8%) eram sedentários. A média de distância percorrida no teste de caminhada dos 6 minutos, considerando todos os indivíduos estudados, foi de 464,7±100,4 m, sendo 181,4±42,0 m menor do que o previsto (p=0,005). Encontrou-se correlação entre o escore Z do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e o número de procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados (r=-0,455; p=0,022). Conclusões: Crianças e adolescentes com cardiopatia congênita têm baixa capacidade funcional, mas não são completamente sedentários.

Overview of meta-analysis on prevention and treatment of childhood obesity.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the quality of systematic reviews on prevention and non-pharmacological treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCE: A search was done in electronic databases (Medline via PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, LILACS, the Cochrane Library, and Clinical Trials), including only systematic reviews with meta-analysis. Reviews were selected by two researchers, and a third one solved the divergences. PRISMA statement and checklist were followed. SUMMARY OF DATA: A total of 4574 records were retrieved, including 24 after selection. Six reviews were on obesity prevention, 17 on obesity treatment, and one on mixed interventions for prevention and treatment of obesity. The interventions were very heterogeneous and showed little or no effects on weight or body mass index. Mixed interventions that included dieting, exercise, actions to reduce sedentary behavior, and programs involving the school or families showed some short-term positive effects. Reviews that analyzed cardiovascular risk factors demonstrated significant improvements in the short-term. CONCLUSION: The systematic reviews of interventions to prevent or reduce obesity in children and adolescents generally showed little or no effects on weight or body mass index, although cardiovascular profile can be improved. Mixed interventions demonstrated better effects, but the long-term impact of obesity treatments of children and adolescents remains unclear.

Prevalence and correlates of screen time among Brazilian adolescents: findings from a country-wide survey.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the distribution, prevalence, and correlates of excessive screen time (>2 h/day) among Brazilian adolescents. The Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) is a national, school-based, cross-sectional multicenter study. Information about time spent in front of screens was assessed by questionnaire. Poisson regression models were used to examine the associations between following correlates (region, sex, age, skin color, income, Internet access, and number of TVs at home) and excessive screen time. A total of 66 706 Brazilian adolescents (aged 12-17 years) were included. The overall mean time in front of screens was 3.25 h/day (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 3.20-3.31) and the prevalence of excessive screen time was 57.3% (95%CI: 55.9-58.6). Moreover, excessive screen time also differs across Brazilian regions, being higher in Southeast and South, respectively. In adjusted models stratified by region, the socioeconomic status was associated with excessive screen time in North, Northeast, and Midwest. In all regions, having a computer with Internet access was associated with higher prevalence of excessive screen time. In conclusion, prevalence of excessive screen time in Brazilian adolescents is high. It presents regional variations and facility for Internet access.